Sowing & seeding method
Different sowing and seeding techniques are suited to different situations. For example, where the terrain is level and relatively free of obstacles (such as rocks), conventional, minimum-till and no-till sowing may be appropriate. These methods (particularly conventional sowing) deliver the best soil-to-seed contact, the most critical factor influencing germination.
Where obstacles pose a problem, aerial seeding and seed broadcasting may be more effective methods for achieving seed dispersal.
Seed placement and sowing depth is also important in conventional, minimum and no-till sowing. Equipment should be properly calibrated to meet the requirements of the selected pasture species. These requirements will vary depending on the season and the pasture variety. Advice should be sought from a local seed supplier or agronomist to ensure appropriate seed placement.
Undersowing a cereal crop with pasture can be used to offset the cost of pasture establishment; however, unless managed carefully and favourable conditions prevail, this can result in poor grain yield and poor pasture establishment.
Regardless of the method, pastures are best sown in autumn as this reduces the risk of failure due to the heat and moisture stress that can occur with spring sown pastures.
Conventional
Conventional sowing often delivers superior pasture establishment, provided weeds are controlled and levels are satisfactory. This is due to improved soil-to-seed contact and germination.
To maximise soil-to-seed contact, a fine firm seedbed is required, and this is best achieved through cultivation and the use of harrows. Press wheels or harrows may also be used after sowing, usually in combination with the seeder, to optimise soil-to-seed contact.
Cultivation usually results in a significant germination of weeds and particular care must be taken to control these weeds to minimise competition with the establishing pasture.
Minimum and no-till
Minimum and no-till sowing or seeding can be effective and offers added advantages in preserving soil structure, minimising erosion potential and minimising the number of weeds that may germinate and compete with the pasture. Achieving good soil-to-seed contact is more challenging than with conventional sowing or seeding.
In minimum and no-till systems, ensuring good soil-to-seed contact is critical. Equipment must be checked regularly to ensure that seed and fertiliser placement are satisfactory and that press wheels are assisting soil-to-seed contact.
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is suited to areas and situations where other sowing techniques are impractical. This may include timbered country and extensive grazing systems. Pasture seed may be spread by air or from a vehicle and is sometimes done in combination with fertiliser.
Broadcasting can be effective under the right circumstances however, there are several limitations to this method of sowing. Soil-to-seed contact is often poor with broadcasting, leading to low seed germination. Seed-to-fertiliser placement is also poor.
Regardless of the sowing method being used, producers should always use the freshest seed available and follow advice regarding seed inoculation and pest control.
